Eclipses tl;dr

Solar Eclipses
A solar eclipse occurs at the New Moon, when the Moon lines up between the Earth and the Sun at one of the nodes.
Lunar Eclipses
A lunar eclipse occurs at the Full moon, when the Moon crosses the ecliptic in opposition to the Sun.
With the Sun and the Moon aligned on either side of the Earth, the Moon passes through the shadow projected by the Earth.
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